It's really interesting. I was hoping that when my wife retired in 2019 that she would want to go down the genealogy hole for both of our families. Her parents were first generation Americans with their parents (her grandparents) coming from Poland and maybe Ukraine. My parents were both second generation Americans with their parents all coming from Germany, I believe. Alas, she wasn't interested. Maybe something I'll do when I decide to retire. I'm fascinated by all of it.
Of possible interest:
What is now Western Ukraine was mostly in Poland in the interwar years, and before that was in the Hapsburg Austrian Empire. Eastern Ukraine was Russian.
From the late 18th C until after WW1, Poland was partitioned between Germany, Austria and Russia, and didn’t exist as a country, but as a geographical area.
Before the 18th Century, there was the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that included Western Ukraine. This was the country that came to the aid of the Viennese during the Turkish Siege of Vienna in the late 17th C (1688? Don’t make me look it up!).
This was a source of competing claims over who ‘owned’ the territory and why chasing down some ancestry in Eastern Europe is dicey at best.
Most of Eastern Europe was divided before WW1 between the Ottoman Empire, the Austrian Empire, the German Empire and/or Prussia (before 1871), and Russia as part of a peace treaty.
Note: Before 1871 there was no country called Germany. Germany was a geographical area,
There was Prussia, Bavaria, Westphalia, Thuringia, Saxony, and so on. There were dukedoms and kingdoms and whatnot - I’ll leave the details to Maerti, who no doubt has much more knowledge of this.
But in 1871 the Germanic states got together, won a war against France, and declared a German Empire at Versailles after their victory. This was Bismarck’s big accomplishment and why they named a boat after him. Sadly for Bismarck, I guess, the boat got sunk on its maiden voyage by the British Navy. But I digress,
Interestingly, a very ethnically diverse population got along quite well until the Austrians had the ‘brilliant’ idea that everyone should speak German and stop publishing and teaching in their own languages based on ethnicity and geography. Then everyone, literally everyone, became pissed off nationalists according to their perceived ethnicity, which was truly unknowable due to lack of/destruction of formal records, and simply based on language.
For the most part there was no way to even determine ethnicity, because the populations mingled. There were different languages spoken in different areas, but that didn’t make the speakers of those languages this or that ancestry, because people moved around and intermarried, just like now. So it was all perception. Thus, basically, BS.
This so called ethnic anger and nationalism was a big source of the antagonisms that arose and contributed to the outbreak of WW1. These countries were granted independent status under the Treaty of Versailles, though much of it turned out badly and contributed to the outbreak of WW2 and later ethnic wars through the 1990s.
After WW2, Poland was given a chunk of the former Eastern part of Germany, and kicked out all the Germans (at significant loss of life and property); The Czechs did the same thing. The Soviets took over Eastern Poland and “repatriated” the Ukrainian population, who were also pulled out of what is now Poland, and kicked the Polish population out of the lands they took over, again, at great loss of life and property.
So there was considerable question about who was what ethnicity before WW1 and to a lesser degree before and after WW2.
So, for example:
My grandfather was born in Łódź in what is now Poland. Most people spoke Polish, it was a city known for textile production.
His birth certificate (which my brother has) was written in Polish. However, there was no Poland. Łódź was part of the German Reich at the time (1891). The Germans didn’t call it Łódź, they called it something else (maybe Litzmannstadt?).
Łódź was first part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, from the late 18th Century, until the end of WWI, Łódź was part of Prussia (and after 1871 part of the German Reich). So was my grandfather Polish or German? Had his father not left Łódź when my gramps was two, he’d have served in the German army in WW1 as a German citizen. As it happened, he grew up from age 2 mostly in Texas, and considered himself Texan.
My maternal grandmother was born in Lithuania. After the late 18th C. partition, it was part of the Russian Empire. Was she Lithuanian or Russian? Beats me.
My paternal grandmother was from Kyiv, now the capital of Ukraine, first the capital of the Rus; then part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth because they didn’t want to be part of the Muscovite Empire; and then Russian under the Partition. Her family was there during all three phases. What were they? Ukrainian? Polish-Lithuanian? Russian?
You see the problem; By 1800 at the latest, Eastern Europe was a hodgepodge of lines drawn on maps for political reasons following wars, but the lines on the maps made very little sense for most of the populations of these regions.
This is partly why it’s hard to figure this all out. Also during the many, many wars, lots of records were lost to the mists of time.
Add to that the fact that until 1840 or so, most Eastern Europeans did not have last names! They might be Vladislav, son of Juris, or similar. (This had previously been the case in Western Europe as well for most peasants, meaning, most people - but in the West they picked their names some years earlier).
Europeans adopted last names because the Empires that ruled them demanded they do it for tax and census purposes. So they picked names, often out of thin air, some based on their neighborhood or town, some based on the nearest nobles who ran their lives, some based on their religious piety, some on their occupation.
For example, my last name means the same thing as Shepherd, a name chosen by lots of Europeans in various languages because they were deacons of churches or active in synagogues and therefore ‘shepherds’ of their religious flocks.
Anyway, that’s why it’s confusing, and sometimes people don’t even know what country to go to even if they could find the records of whatever village or town.